Food systems are crucial to reduce hunger, but they are also causing increasingly severe damage to the environment and human health. The ERC project FLORA will provide essential evidence to identify and implement the necessary shifts in practices and behaviours to transform global agri-food production, trade and consumption towards sustainable and healthy food systems. The project will apply innovative measures of sustainability to diagnose the integrated health and environmental effects of food systems globally from the production and consumption perspectives. FLORA will identify critical threats and opportunities utilising system dynamics and complex network analyses. It will target and assess tailored solutions with an interdisciplinary modelling framework.