The shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, and bioenergy is essential for climate mitigation, but increasingly conflicts with biodiversity conservation. Large-scale renewable energy deployment often encroaches on natural ecosystems, causing habitat fragmentation, soil degradation, species displacement and disruption of terrestrial and aquatic systems. This creates a critical paradox: climate mitigation solutions may undermine biodiversity if ecological considerations are not integrated into planning and implementation.
Although European policies endorse ‘do-no-harm’ principles, they offer limited guidance for renewable energy transition (RET) planning. Regulatory frameworks lack robust, standardised criteria to prevent biodiversity loss and assess cumulative impacts across landscapes. Addressing these gaps is urgent and strengthening biodiversity safeguards within decarbonisation pathways is fundamental to sustainable development, ecosystem resilience and the long-term credibility of climate and energy policies.